In addition to being a well-designed programming language, Python is useful for accomplishing real-world tasks—the sorts of things developers do day in and day out. It’s commonly used in a variety of domains, as a tool for scripting other components and implementing standalone programs. In fact, as a general-purpose language, Python’s roles are virtually unlimited: you can use it for everything from website development and gaming to robotics and spacecraft control.
However, the most common Python roles currently seem to fall into a few broad categories. The next few sections describe some of Python’s most common applications today, as well as tools used in each domain. We won’t be able to explore the tools mentioned here in any depth—if you are interested in any of these topics, see the Python website or other resources for more details.
Python’s built-in interfaces to operating-system services make it ideal for writing portable, maintainable system-administration tools and utilities (sometimes called shell tools). Python programs can search files and directory trees, launch other programs, do parallel processing with processes and threads, and so on.
Python’s standard library comes with POSIX bindings and support for all the usual OS tools: environment variables, files, sockets, pipes, processes, multiple threads, regular expression pattern matching, command-line arguments, standard stream interfaces, shell-command launchers, filename expansion, zip file utilities, XML and JSON parsers, CSV file handlers, and more. In addition, the bulk of Python’s system interfaces are designed to be portable; for example, a script that copies directory trees typically runs unchanged on all major Python platforms. The Stackless Python implementation, described in Chapter 2 and used by EVE Online, also offers advanced solutions to multiprocessing requirements.
Python’s simplicity and rapid turnaround also make it a good match for graphical user interface programming on the desktop. Python comes with a standard object-oriented interface to the Tk GUI API called tkinter (Tkinter in 2.X) that allows Python programs to implement portable GUIs with a native look and feel. Python/tkinter GUIs run unchanged on Microsoft Windows, X Windows (on Unix and Linux), and the Mac OS (both Classic and OS X). A free extension package, PMW, adds advanced widgets to the tkinter toolkit. In addition, the wxPython GUI API, based on a C++ library, offers an alternative toolkit for constructing portable GUIs in Python.
Higher-level toolkits such as Dabo are built on top of base APIs such as wxPython and tkinter. With the proper library, you can also use GUI support in other toolkits in Python, such as Qt with PyQt, GTK with PyGTK, MFC with PyWin32, .NET with IronPython, and Swing with Jython (the Java version of Python, described in Chapter 2) or JPype. For applications that run in web browsers or have simple interface requirements, both Jython and Python web frameworks and server-side CGI scripts, described in the next section, provide additional user interface options.
Python comes with standard Internet modules that allow Python programs to perform a wide variety of networking tasks, in client and server modes. Scripts can communicate over sockets; extract form information sent to server-side CGI scripts; transfer files by FTP; parse and generate XML and JSON documents; send, receive, compose, and parse email; fetch web pages by URLs; parse the HTML of fetched web pages; communicate over XML-RPC, SOAP, and Telnet; and more. Python’s libraries make these tasks remarkably simple.
In addition, a large collection of third-party tools are available on the Web for doing Internet programming in Python. For instance, the HTMLGen system generates HTML files from Python class-based descriptions, the mod_python package runs Python efficiently within the Apache web server and supports server-side templating with its Python Server Pages, and the Jython system provides for seamless Python/Java integration and supports coding of server-side applets that run on clients.
In addition, full-blown web development framework packages for Python, such as Django, TurboGears, web2py, Pylons, Zope, and WebWare, support quick construction of full-featured and production-quality websites with Python. Many of these include features such as object-relational mappers, a Model/View/Controller architecture, server-side scripting and templating, and AJAX support, to provide complete and enterprise-level web development solutions.
More recently, Python has expanded into rich Internet applications (RIAs), with tools such as Silverlight in IronPython, and pyjs (a.k.a. pyjamas) and its Python-to-JavaScript compiler, AJAX framework, and widget set. Python also has moved into cloud computing, with App Engine, and others described in the database section ahead. Where the Web leads, Python quickly follows.
We discussed the component integration role earlier when describing Python as a control language. Python’s ability to be extended by and embedded in C and C++ systems makes it useful as a flexible glue language for scripting the behavior of other systems and components. For instance, integrating a C library into Python enables Python to test and launch the library’s components, and embedding Python in a product enables onsite customizations to be coded without having to recompile the entire product (or ship its source code at all).
Tools such as the SWIG and SIP code generators can automate much of the work needed to link compiled components into Python for use in scripts, and the Cython system allows coders to mix Python and C-like code. Larger frameworks, such as Python’s COM support on Windows, the Jython Java-based implementation, and the IronPython .NET-based implementation provide alternative ways to script components. On Windows, for example, Python scripts can use frameworks to script Word and Excel, access Silverlight, and much more.
For traditional database demands, there are Python interfaces to all commonly used relational database systems—Sybase, Oracle, Informix, ODBC, MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite, and more. The Python world has also defined a portable database API for accessing SQL database systems from Python scripts, which looks the same on a variety of underlying database systems. For instance, because the vendor interfaces implement the portable API, a script written to work with the free MySQL system will work largely unchanged on other systems (such as Oracle); all you generally have to do is replace the underlying vendor interface. The in-process SQLite embedded SQL database engine is a standard part of Python itself since 2.5, supporting both prototyping and basic program storage needs.
In the non-SQL department, Python’s standard pickle module provides a simple object persistence system—it allows programs to easily save and restore entire Python objects to files and file-like objects. On the Web, you’ll also find third-party open source systems named ZODB and Durus that provide complete object-oriented database systems for Python scripts; others, such as SQLObject and SQLAlchemy, that implement object relational mappers (ORMs), which graft Python’s class model onto relational tables; and PyMongo, an interface to MongoDB, a high-performance, non-SQL, open source JSON-style document database, which stores data in structures very similar to Python’s own lists and dictionaries, and whose text may be parsed and created with Python’s own standard library json module.
Still other systems offer more specialized ways to store data, including the datastore in Google’s App Engine, which models data with Python classes and provides extensive scalability, as well as additional emerging cloud storage options such as Azure, PiCloud, OpenStack, and Stackato.
To Python programs, components written in Python and C look the same. Because of this, it’s possible to prototype systems in Python initially, and then move selected components to a compiled language such as C or C++ for delivery. Unlike some prototyping tools, Python doesn’t require a complete rewrite once the prototype has solidified. Parts of the system that don’t require the efficiency of a language such as C++ can remain coded in Python for ease of maintenance and use.
Python is also heavily used in numeric programming—a domain that would not traditionally have been considered to be in the scope of scripting languages, but has grown to become one of Python’s most compelling use cases. Prominent here, the NumPy high-performance numeric programming extension for Python mentioned earlier includes such advanced tools as an array object, interfaces to standard mathematical libraries, and much more. By integrating Python with numeric routines coded in a compiled language for speed, NumPy turns Python into a sophisticated yet easy-to-use numeric programming tool that can often replace existing code written in traditional compiled languages such as FORTRAN or C++.
Additional numeric tools for Python support animation, 3D visualization, parallel processing, and so on. The popular SciPy and ScientificPython extensions, for example, provide additional libraries of scientific programming tools and use NumPy as a core component. The PyPy implementation of Python (discussed in Chapter 2) has also gained traction in the numeric domain, in part because heavily algorithmic code of the sort that’s common in this domain can run dramatically faster in PyPy—often 10X to 100X quicker.
Python is commonly applied in more domains than can be covered here. For example, you’ll find tools that allow you to use Python to do:
Game programming and multimedia with pygame, cgkit, pyglet, PySoy, Panda3D, and others
Serial port communication on Windows, Linux, and more with the PySerial extension
Image processing with PIL and its newer Pillow fork, PyOpenGL, Blender, Maya, and more
Robot control programming with the PyRo toolkit
Natural language analysis with the NLTK package
Instrumentation on the Raspberry Pi and Arduino boards
Mobile computing with ports of Python to the Google Android and Apple iOS platforms
Excel spreadsheet function and macro programming with the PyXLL or DataNitro add-ins
Media file content and metadata tag processing with PyMedia, ID3, PIL/Pillow, and more
Artificial intelligence with the PyBrain neural net library and the Milk machine learning toolkit
Expert system programming with PyCLIPS, Pyke, Pyrolog, and pyDatalog
Network monitoring with zenoss, written in and customized with Python
Python-scripted design and modeling with PythonCAD, PythonOCC, FreeCAD, and others
Document processing and generation with ReportLab, Sphinx, Cheetah, PyPDF, and so on
Data visualization with Mayavi, matplotlib, VTK, VPython, and more
XML parsing with the xml library package, the xmlrpclib module, and third-party extensions
JSON and CSV file processing with the json and csv modules
Data mining with the Orange framework, the Pattern bundle, Scrapy, and custom code
You can even play solitaire with the PySolFC program. And of course, you can always code custom Python scripts in less buzzword-laden domains to perform day-to-day system administration, process your email, manage your document and media libraries, and so on. You’ll find links to the support in many fields at the PyPI website, and via web searches (search Google or http://www.python.org for links).
Though of broad practical use, many of these specific domains are largely just instances of Python’s component integration role in action again. Adding it as a frontend to libraries of components written in a compiled language such as C makes Python useful for scripting in a wide variety of domains. As a general-purpose language that supports integration, Python is widely applicable.