Putting the Feminine Back into Feminism
1 Reviewed in Joanne Hollows, Feminism, Femininity and Popular Culture (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), 1-18; Linda M. Scott, Fresh Lipstick: Redressing Fashion and Feminism (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 1-22. 2 Majorie Garber, Vested Interests: Cross-Dressing and Cultural Anxiety (New York: HarperPerenial, 1993), 1. 3 Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique: Twentieth Anniversary Edition (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1983). Pertinent critiques of The Feminine Mystique can be found in hooks, Feminist Theory, 1-15; Hollows, Feminism, Femininity and Popular Culture, 9-13; and Scott, Fresh Lipstick, 223-250. 4 The sex/gender distinction is generally attributed to Robert Stoller (Sex and Gender). For two varying feminist critiques of the sex/gender distinction, see Judith Butler, Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of “Sex” (New York: Routledge, 1993), and Moira Gatens, Imaginary Bodies: Ethics, Power and Corporeality (London: Routledge, 1996), 3-20. 5 Hollows, Feminism, Femininity and Popular Culture, 9-18. 6 Ibid., 15-17; Daly, Gyn/Ecology, 287. I use the term “cultural feminists” according to Echols, Daring to Be Bad. 7 For discussions on class, culture, and femininity, see Hollows, Feminism, Femininity and Popular Culture, and Scott, Fresh Lipstick.
8 Hollows, Feminism, Femininity and Popular Culture, 10; Radicalesbians, “The Woman Identified Woman,” Radical Feminism, Anne Koedt, Ellen Levine, and Anita Rapone, eds. (New York: Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co., 1980), 245; N. Y. Radical Feminists, “Politics of the Ego: A Manifesto for N. Y. Radical Feminists,” Radical Feminism, 382. 9 Radicalesbians, “The Woman Identified Woman,” 244; Daly, Gyn/ Ecology, 26-27; Betsy Belote, “Masochistic Syndrome, Hysterical Personality, and the Illusion of a Healthy Woman,” Female Psychology: The Emerging Self, Sue Cox, ed. (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981), 320-333; Dee L. R. Graham, with Edna I. Rawlings and Roberta K. Rigsby, Loving to Survive: Sexual Terror, Men’s Violence, and Women’s Lives (New York: New York University Press, 1994), xiv. 10 Scott, Fresh Lipstick, 5; Hollows, Feminism, Femininity and Popular Culture, 13; Vicki Coppock, Deena Haydon, and Ingrid Richter, The Illusions of ‘Post-Feminism’: New Women, Old Myths (London: Taylor and Francis, 1995), 24; Alice Embree, “Media Images I: Madison Avenue Brainwashing—The Facts,” Sisterhood Is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings from the Women’s Liberation Movement, Robin Morgan, ed. (New York: Random House, 1970), 191. 11 Daly, Gyn/Ecology, 67-72, 334-335. 12 Hollows, Feminism, Femininity and Popular Culture, 14; Greer, The Madwoman’s Underclothes, 189-191; Greer, The Whole Woman, 70-80. 13 Jeffreys, Beauty and Misogyny, 24, 50-53. 14 Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Routledge, 1999). The specific example of a person being “girled” is from Butler, Bodies That Matter, 7-8. 15 For an example of gender as “performance,” see Judith Halberstam, “F2M: The Making of Female Masculinity,” The Lesbian Postmodern, Laura Doan, ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 210-228. The example of the drag queen was first put forward by Butler (Gender Trouble, 174-176), but she has on multiple occasions refuted the popular, literal interpretation of this passage to mean that gender is a performance (see Gender Trouble, xxii-xxiv; Bodies that Matter, 125-126; “Gender as Performance: An Interview with Judith Butler,” Radical Philosophy 67, Summer 1994, 32-39; and Sara Salih, Judith Butler [London: Routledge, 2002], 62-71). 16 Reviewed in Prosser, Second Skins, 1-60. 17 Echols, Daring to Be Bad, 232. 18 For more on the way that feminine lesbians and gay men have historically been marginalized by their respective communities, see Joan Nestle, “The Femme Question,” The Persistent Desire: A Butch Femme Reader, Joan Nestle, ed. (Boston: Alyson Publications, 1992), 138-146; Laura Harris and Elizabeth Crocker, eds., Femme: Feminists, Lesbians, and Bad Girls (New York: Routledge, 1997); Tim Bergling, Sissyphobia: Gay Men and Effeminate Behavior (Binghamton: Harrington Park Press, 2001). 19 Ducat, The Wimp Factor.
20 Virginia Valian, Why So Slow? The Advancement of Women (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1997). 21 Ibid., 111-112. See also earlier references in Burke, Gender Shock; Ducat, The Wimp Factor; and MacKenzie, Transgender Nation.