Dismantling Cissexual Privilege
1 Greer, The Whole Woman, 74. 2 Califia, Sex Changes, 116. 3 During the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, eight of 3,387 female athletes screened for Y chromosomal material tested positive; the Olympics has since discontinued its genetic sex testing (Myron Genel, “Gender Verification No More?” Medscape Women’s Health 5, no. 3 [2000], www.medscape.com/viewarticle/408918). Infertility clinics have found that up to 11 percent of azoospermic males (i.e., males who have no sperm in their semen) have a XXY karyotype (Hiroshi Okada, Hitoshi Fujioka, Noboru Tatsumi, Masanori Kanzaki, Yoshihiro Okuda, Masato Fujisawa, Minoru Hazama, Osamu Matsumoto, Kazuo Gohji, Soichi Arakawa, and Sadao Kamidono, “Klinefelter’s Syndrome in the Male Infertility Clinic,” Human Reproduction 14, no. 4 [1999], 946-952). 4 Tarynn M. Witten, Esben Esther Pirelli Benestad, Ilana Berger, R. J. M. Ekins, Randi Ettner, Katsuki Harima, Dave King, Mikael Landén, Nuno Nodin, Volodymyr P’yatokha, and Andrew N. Sharpe, “Transgender and Transsexuality,” The Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: Men and Women in the World’s Cultures, C. R. Ember and M. Ember, eds. (New York: Kluwer/Plenum, 2003), 216-229; Lynn Conway, “How Frequently Does Transsexualism Occur?” LynnConway.com (2001-2002; http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/TSprevalence.html). 5 The notion of “doing” gender is often attributed to Candace West and Don H. Zimmerman’s article, “Doing Gender,” Gender and Society 1, no. 2 (1987), 125-151, and can also be found in Kessler and McKenna, Gender: An Ethnomethodological Approach, 155-159. The idea that gender is “performed” is typically attributed to Judith Butler, although she has refuted this interpretation of her work; this is explained in full in chapter 19, “Putting the Feminine Back into Feminism.”