/*
 * Copyright (c) 1998, 2023, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
 *
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 *
 */

package sun.awt.geom;

import java.awt.geom.Rectangle2D;
import java.awt.geom.QuadCurve2D;
import java.awt.geom.CubicCurve2D;
import java.awt.geom.PathIterator;
import java.awt.geom.IllegalPathStateException;
import java.util.Vector;

public abstract class Curve {
    public static final int INCREASING = 1;
    public static final int DECREASING = -1;

    protected int direction;

    public static void insertMove(Vector<Curve> curves, double x, double y) {
        curves.add(new Order0(x, y));
    }

    public static void insertLine(Vector<Curve> curves,
                                  double x0, double y0,
                                  double x1, double y1)
    {
        if (y0 < y1) {
            curves.add(new Order1(x0, y0,
                                  x1, y1,
                                  INCREASING));
        } else if (y0 > y1) {
            curves.add(new Order1(x1, y1,
                                  x0, y0,
                                  DECREASING));
        } else {
            // Do not add horizontal lines
        }
    }

    public static void insertQuad(Vector<Curve> curves,
                                  double x0, double y0,
                                  double[] coords)
    {
        double y1 = coords[3];
        if (y0 > y1) {
            Order2.insert(curves, coords,
                          coords[2], y1,
                          coords[0], coords[1],
                          x0, y0,
                          DECREASING);
        } else if (y0 == y1 && y0 == coords[1]) {
            // Do not add horizontal lines
            return;
        } else {
            Order2.insert(curves, coords,
                          x0, y0,
                          coords[0], coords[1],
                          coords[2], y1,
                          INCREASING);
        }
    }

    public static void insertCubic(Vector<Curve> curves,
                                   double x0, double y0,
                                   double[] coords)
    {
        double y1 = coords[5];
        if (y0 > y1) {
            Order3.insert(curves, coords,
                          coords[4], y1,
                          coords[2], coords[3],
                          coords[0], coords[1],
                          x0, y0,
                          DECREASING);
        } else if (y0 == y1 && y0 == coords[1] && y0 == coords[3]) {
            // Do not add horizontal lines
            return;
        } else {
            Order3.insert(curves, coords,
                          x0, y0,
                          coords[0], coords[1],
                          coords[2], coords[3],
                          coords[4], y1,
                          INCREASING);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Calculates the number of times the given path
     * crosses the ray extending to the right from (px,py).
     * If the point lies on a part of the path,
     * then no crossings are counted for that intersection.
     * +1 is added for each crossing where the Y coordinate is increasing
     * -1 is added for each crossing where the Y coordinate is decreasing
     * The return value is the sum of all crossings for every segment in
     * the path.
     * The path must start with a SEG_MOVETO, otherwise an exception is
     * thrown.
     * The caller must check p[xy] for NaN values.
     * The caller may also reject infinite p[xy] values as well.
     */
    public static int pointCrossingsForPath(PathIterator pi,
                                            double px, double py)
    {
        if (pi.isDone()) {
            return 0;
        }
        double[] coords = new double[6];
        if (pi.currentSegment(coords) != PathIterator.SEG_MOVETO) {
            throw new IllegalPathStateException("missing initial moveto "+
                                                "in path definition");
        }
        pi.next();
        double movx = coords[0];
        double movy = coords[1];
        double curx = movx;
        double cury = movy;
        double endx, endy;
        int crossings = 0;
        while (!pi.isDone()) {
            switch (pi.currentSegment(coords)) {
            case PathIterator.SEG_MOVETO:
                if (cury != movy) {
                    crossings += pointCrossingsForLine(px, py,
                                                       curx, cury,
                                                       movx, movy);
                }
                movx = curx = coords[0];
                movy = cury = coords[1];
                break;
            case PathIterator.SEG_LINETO:
                endx = coords[0];
                endy = coords[1];
                crossings += pointCrossingsForLine(px, py,
                                                   curx, cury,
                                                   endx, endy);
                curx = endx;
                cury = endy;
                break;
            case PathIterator.SEG_QUADTO:
                endx = coords[2];
                endy = coords[3];
                crossings += pointCrossingsForQuad(px, py,
                                                   curx, cury,
                                                   coords[0], coords[1],
                                                   endx, endy, 0);
                curx = endx;
                cury = endy;
                break;
            case PathIterator.SEG_CUBICTO:
                endx = coords[4];
                endy = coords[5];
                crossings += pointCrossingsForCubic(px, py,
                                                    curx, cury,
                                                    coords[0], coords[1],
                                                    coords[2], coords[3],
                                                    endx, endy, 0);
                curx = endx;
                cury = endy;
                break;
            case PathIterator.SEG_CLOSE:
                if (cury != movy) {
                    crossings += pointCrossingsForLine(px, py,
                                                       curx, cury,
                                                       movx, movy);
                }
                curx = movx;
                cury = movy;
                break;
            }
            pi.next();
        }
        if (cury != movy) {
            crossings += pointCrossingsForLine(px, py,
                                               curx, cury,
                                               movx, movy);
        }
        return crossings;
    }

    /**
     * Calculates the number of times the line from (x0,y0) to (x1,y1)
     * crosses the ray extending to the right from (px,py).
     * If the point lies on the line, then no crossings are recorded.
     * +1 is returned for a crossing where the Y coordinate is increasing
     * -1 is returned for a crossing where the Y coordinate is decreasing
     */
    public static int pointCrossingsForLine(double px, double py,
                                            double x0, double y0,
                                            double x1, double y1)
    {
        if (py <  y0 && py <  y1) return 0;
        if (py >= y0 && py >= y1) return 0;
        // assert(y0 != y1);
        if (px >= x0 && px >= x1) return 0;
        if (px <  x0 && px <  x1) return (y0 < y1) ? 1 : -1;
        double xintercept = x0 + (py - y0) * (x1 - x0) / (y1 - y0);
        if (px >= xintercept) return 0;
        return (y0 < y1) ? 1 : -1;
    }

    /**
     * Calculates the number of times the quad from (x0,y0) to (x1,y1)
     * crosses the ray extending to the right from (px,py).
     * If the point lies on a part of the curve,
     * then no crossings are counted for that intersection.
     * the level parameter should be 0 at the top-level call and will count
     * up for each recursion level to prevent infinite recursion
     * +1 is added for each crossing where the Y coordinate is increasing
     * -1 is added for each crossing where the Y coordinate is decreasing
     */
    public static int pointCrossingsForQuad(double px, double py,
                                            double x0, double y0,
                                            double xc, double yc,
                                            double x1, double y1, int level)
    {
        if (py <  y0 && py <  yc && py <  y1) return 0;
        if (py >= y0 && py >= yc && py >= y1) return 0;
        // Note y0 could equal y1...
        if (px >= x0 && px >= xc && px >= x1) return 0;
        if (px <  x0 && px <  xc && px <  x1) {
            if (py >= y0) {
                if (py < y1) return 1;
            } else {
                // py < y0
                if (py >= y1) return -1;
            }
            // py outside of y01 range, and/or y0==y1
            return 0;
        }
        // double precision only has 52 bits of mantissa
        if (level > 52) return pointCrossingsForLine(px, py, x0, y0, x1, y1);
        double x0c = (x0 + xc) / 2;
        double y0c = (y0 + yc) / 2;
        double xc1 = (xc + x1) / 2;
        double yc1 = (yc + y1) / 2;
        xc = (x0c + xc1) / 2;
        yc = (y0c + yc1) / 2;
        if (Double.isNaN(xc) || Double.isNaN(yc)) {
            // [xy]c are NaN if any of [xy]0c or [xy]c1 are NaN
            // [xy]0c or [xy]c1 are NaN if any of [xy][0c1] are NaN
            // These values are also NaN if opposing infinities are added
            return 0;
        }
        return (pointCrossingsForQuad(px, py,
                                      x0, y0, x0c, y0c, xc, yc,
                                      level+1) +
                pointCrossingsForQuad(px, py,
                                      xc, yc, xc1, yc1, x1, y1,
                                      level+1));
    }

    /**
     * Calculates the number of times the cubic from (x0,y0) to (x1,y1)
     * crosses the ray extending to the right from (px,py).
     * If the point lies on a part of the curve,
     * then no crossings are counted for that intersection.
     * the level parameter should be 0 at the top-level call and will count
     * up for each recursion level to prevent infinite recursion
     * +1 is added for each crossing where the Y coordinate is increasing
     * -1 is added for each crossing where the Y coordinate is decreasing
     */
    public static int pointCrossingsForCubic(double px, double py,
                                             double x0, double y0,
                                             double xc0, double yc0,
                                             double xc1, double yc1,
                                             double x1, double y1, int level)
    {
        if (py <  y0 && py <  yc0 && py <  yc1 && py <  y1) return 0;
        if (py >= y0 && py >= yc0 && py >= yc1 && py >= y1) return 0;
        // Note y0 could equal yc0...
        if (px >= x0 && px >= xc0 && px >= xc1 && px >= x1) return 0;
        if (px <  x0 && px <  xc0 && px <  xc1 && px <  x1) {
            if (py >= y0) {
                if (py < y1) return 1;
            } else {
                // py < y0
                if (py >= y1) return -1;
            }
            // py outside of y01 range, and/or y0==yc0
            return 0;
        }
        // double precision only has 52 bits of mantissa
        if (level > 52) return pointCrossingsForLine(px, py, x0, y0, x1, y1);
        double xmid = (xc0 + xc1) / 2;
        double ymid = (yc0 + yc1) / 2;
        xc0 = (x0 + xc0) / 2;
        yc0 = (y0 + yc0) / 2;
        xc1 = (xc1 + x1) / 2;
        yc1 = (yc1 + y1) / 2;
        double xc0m = (xc0 + xmid) / 2;
        double yc0m = (yc0 + ymid) / 2;
        double xmc1 = (xmid + xc1) / 2;
        double ymc1 = (ymid + yc1) / 2;
        xmid = (xc0m + xmc1) / 2;
        ymid = (yc0m + ymc1) / 2;
        if (Double.isNaN(xmid) || Double.isNaN(ymid)) {
            // [xy]mid are NaN if any of [xy]c0m or [xy]mc1 are NaN
            // [xy]c0m or [xy]mc1 are NaN if any of [xy][c][01] are NaN
            // These values are also NaN if opposing infinities are added
            return 0;
        }
        return (pointCrossingsForCubic(px, py,
                                       x0, y0, xc0, yc0,
                                       xc0m, yc0m, xmid, ymid, level+1) +
                pointCrossingsForCubic(px, py,
                                       xmid, ymid, xmc1, ymc1,
                                       xc1, yc1, x1, y1, level+1));
    }

    /**
     * The rectangle intersection test counts the number of times
     * that the path crosses through the shadow that the rectangle
     * projects to the right towards (x => +INFINITY).
     *
     * During processing of the path it actually counts every time
     * the path crosses either or both of the top and bottom edges
     * of that shadow.  If the path enters from the top, the count
     * is incremented.  If it then exits back through the top, the
     * same way it came in, the count is decremented and there is
     * no impact on the winding count.  If, instead, the path exits
     * out the bottom, then the count is incremented again and a
     * full pass through the shadow is indicated by the winding count
     * having been incremented by 2.
     *
     * Thus, the winding count that it accumulates is actually double
     * the real winding count.  Since the path is continuous, the
     * final answer should be a multiple of 2, otherwise there is a
     * logic error somewhere.
     *
     * If the path ever has a direct hit on the rectangle, then a
     * special value is returned.  This special value terminates
     * all ongoing accumulation on up through the call chain and
     * ends up getting returned to the calling function which can
     * then produce an answer directly.  For intersection tests,
     * the answer is always "true" if the path intersects the
     * rectangle.  For containment tests, the answer is always
     * "false" if the path intersects the rectangle.  Thus, no
     * further processing is ever needed if an intersection occurs.
     */
    public static final int RECT_INTERSECTS = 0x80000000;

    /**
     * Accumulate the number of times the path crosses the shadow
     * extending to the right of the rectangle.  See the comment
     * for the RECT_INTERSECTS constant for more complete details.
     * The return value is the sum of all crossings for both the
     * top and bottom of the shadow for every segment in the path,
     * or the special value RECT_INTERSECTS if the path ever enters
     * the interior of the rectangle.
     * The path must start with a SEG_MOVETO, otherwise an exception is
     * thrown.
     * The caller must check r[xy]{min,max} for NaN values.
     */
    public static int rectCrossingsForPath(PathIterator pi,
                                           double rxmin, double rymin,
                                           double rxmax, double rymax)
    {
        if (rxmax <= rxmin || rymax <= rymin) {
            return 0;
        }
        if (pi.isDone()) {
            return 0;
        }
        double[] coords = new double[6];
        if (pi.currentSegment(coords) != PathIterator.SEG_MOVETO) {
            throw new IllegalPathStateException("missing initial moveto "+
                                                "in path definition");
        }
        pi.next();
        double curx, cury, movx, movy, endx, endy;
        curx = movx = coords[0];
        cury = movy = coords[1];
        int crossings = 0;
        while (crossings != RECT_INTERSECTS && !pi.isDone()) {
            switch (pi.currentSegment(coords)) {
            case PathIterator.SEG_MOVETO:
                if (curx != movx || cury != movy) {
                    crossings = rectCrossingsForLine(crossings,
                                                     rxmin, rymin,
                                                     rxmax, rymax,
                                                     curx, cury,
                                                     movx, movy);
                }
                // Count should always be a multiple of 2 here.
                // assert((crossings & 1) != 0);
                movx = curx = coords[0];
                movy = cury = coords[1];
                break;
            case PathIterator.SEG_LINETO:
                endx = coords[0];
                endy = coords[1];
                crossings = rectCrossingsForLine(crossings,
                                                 rxmin, rymin,
                                                 rxmax, rymax,
                                                 curx, cury,
                                                 endx, endy);
                curx = endx;
                cury = endy;
                break;
            case PathIterator.SEG_QUADTO:
                endx = coords[2];
                endy = coords[3];
                crossings = rectCrossingsForQuad(crossings,
                                                 rxmin, rymin,
                                                 rxmax, rymax,
                                                 curx, cury,
                                                 coords[0], coords[1],
                                                 endx, endy, 0);
                curx = endx;
                cury = endy;
                break;
            case PathIterator.SEG_CUBICTO:
                endx = coords[4];
                endy = coords[5];
                crossings = rectCrossingsForCubic(crossings,
                                                  rxmin, rymin,
                                                  rxmax, rymax,
                                                  curx, cury,
                                                  coords[0], coords[1],
                                                  coords[2], coords[3],
                                                  endx, endy, 0);
                curx = endx;
                cury = endy;
                break;
            case PathIterator.SEG_CLOSE:
                if (curx != movx || cury != movy) {
                    crossings = rectCrossingsForLine(crossings,
                                                     rxmin, rymin,
                                                     rxmax, rymax,
                                                     curx, cury,
                                                     movx, movy);
                }
                curx = movx;
                cury = movy;
                // Count should always be a multiple of 2 here.
                // assert((crossings & 1) != 0);
                break;
            }
            pi.next();
        }
        if (crossings != RECT_INTERSECTS && (curx != movx || cury != movy)) {
            crossings = rectCrossingsForLine(crossings,
                                             rxmin, rymin,
                                             rxmax, rymax,
                                             curx, cury,
                                             movx, movy);
        }
        // Count should always be a multiple of 2 here.
        // assert((crossings & 1) != 0);
        return crossings;
    }

    /**
     * Accumulate the number of times the line crosses the shadow
     * extending to the right of the rectangle.  See the comment
     * for the RECT_INTERSECTS constant for more complete details.
     */
    public static int rectCrossingsForLine(int crossings,
                                           double rxmin, double rymin,
                                           double rxmax, double rymax,
                                           double x0, double y0,
                                           double x1, double y1)
    {
        if (y0 >= rymax && y1 >= rymax) return crossings;
        if (y0 <= rymin && y1 <= rymin) return crossings;
        if (x0 <= rxmin && x1 <= rxmin) return crossings;
        if (x0 >= rxmax && x1 >= rxmax) {
            // Line is entirely to the right of the rect
            // and the vertical ranges of the two overlap by a non-empty amount
            // Thus, this line segment is partially in the "right-shadow"
            // Path may have done a complete crossing
            // Or path may have entered or exited the right-shadow
            if (y0 < y1) {
                // y-increasing line segment...
                // We know that y0 < rymax and y1 > rymin
                if (y0 <= rymin) crossings++;
                if (y1 >= rymax) crossings++;
            } else if (y1 < y0) {
                // y-decreasing line segment...
                // We know that y1 < rymax and y0 > rymin
                if (y1 <= rymin) crossings--;
                if (y0 >= rymax) crossings--;
            }
            return crossings;
        }
        // Remaining case:
        // Both x and y ranges overlap by a non-empty amount
        // First do trivial INTERSECTS rejection of the cases
        // where one of the endpoints is inside the rectangle.
        if ((x0 > rxmin && x0 < rxmax && y0 > rymin && y0 < rymax) ||
            (x1 > rxmin && x1 < rxmax && y1 > rymin && y1 < rymax))
        {
            return RECT_INTERSECTS;
        }
        // Otherwise calculate the y intercepts and see where
        // they fall with respect to the rectangle
        double xi0 = x0;
        if (y0 < rymin) {
            xi0 += ((rymin - y0) * (x1 - x0) / (y1 - y0));
        } else if (y0 > rymax) {
            xi0 += ((rymax - y0) * (x1 - x0) / (y1 - y0));
        }
        double xi1 = x1;
        if (y1 < rymin) {
            xi1 += ((rymin - y1) * (x0 - x1) / (y0 - y1));
        } else if (y1 > rymax) {
            xi1 += ((rymax - y1) * (x0 - x1) / (y0 - y1));
        }
        if (xi0 <= rxmin && xi1 <= rxmin) return crossings;
        if (xi0 >= rxmax && xi1 >= rxmax) {
            if (y0 < y1) {
                // y-increasing line segment...
                // We know that y0 < rymax and y1 > rymin
                if (y0 <= rymin) crossings++;
                if (y1 >= rymax) crossings++;
            } else if (y1 < y0) {
                // y-decreasing line segment...
                // We know that y1 < rymax and y0 > rymin
                if (y1 <= rymin) crossings--;
                if (y0 >= rymax) crossings--;
            }
            return crossings;
        }
        return RECT_INTERSECTS;
    }

    /**
     * Accumulate the number of times the quad crosses the shadow
     * extending to the right of the rectangle.  See the comment
     * for the RECT_INTERSECTS constant for more complete details.
     */
    public static int rectCrossingsForQuad(int crossings,
                                           double rxmin, double rymin,
                                           double rxmax, double rymax,
                                           double x0, double y0,
                                           double xc, double yc,
                                           double x1, double y1,
                                           int level)
    {
        if (y0 >= rymax && yc >= rymax && y1 >= rymax) return crossings;
        if (y0 <= rymin && yc <= rymin && y1 <= rymin) return crossings;
        if (x0 <= rxmin && xc <= rxmin && x1 <= rxmin) return crossings;
        if (x0 >= rxmax && xc >= rxmax && x1 >= rxmax) {
            // Quad is entirely to the right of the rect
            // and the vertical range of the 3 Y coordinates of the quad
            // overlaps the vertical range of the rect by a non-empty amount
            // We now judge the crossings solely based on the line segment
            // connecting the endpoints of the quad.
            // Note that we may have 0, 1, or 2 crossings as the control
            // point may be causing the Y range intersection while the
            // two endpoints are entirely above or below.
            if (y0 < y1) {
                // y-increasing line segment...
                if (y0 <= rymin && y1 >  rymin) crossings++;
                if (y0 <  rymax && y1 >= rymax) crossings++;
            } else if (y1 < y0) {
                // y-decreasing line segment...
                if (y1 <= rymin && y0 >  rymin) crossings--;
                if (y1 <  rymax && y0 >= rymax) crossings--;
            }
            return crossings;
        }
        // The intersection of ranges is more complicated
        // First do trivial INTERSECTS rejection of the cases
        // where one of the endpoints is inside the rectangle.
        if ((x0 < rxmax && x0 > rxmin && y0 < rymax && y0 > rymin) ||
            (x1 < rxmax && x1 > rxmin && y1 < rymax && y1 > rymin))
        {
            return RECT_INTERSECTS;
        }
        // Otherwise, subdivide and look for one of the cases above.
        // double precision only has 52 bits of mantissa
        if (level > 52) {
            return rectCrossingsForLine(crossings,
                                        rxmin, rymin, rxmax, rymax,
                                        x0, y0, x1, y1);
        }
        double x0c = (x0 + xc) / 2;
        double y0c = (y0 + yc) / 2;
        double xc1 = (xc + x1) / 2;
        double yc1 = (yc + y1) / 2;
        xc = (x0c + xc1) / 2;
        yc = (y0c + yc1) / 2;
        if (Double.isNaN(xc) || Double.isNaN(yc)) {
            // [xy]c are NaN if any of [xy]0c or [xy]c1 are NaN
            // [xy]0c or [xy]c1 are NaN if any of [xy][0c1] are NaN
            // These values are also NaN if opposing infinities are added
            return 0;
        }
        crossings = rectCrossingsForQuad(crossings,
                                         rxmin, rymin, rxmax, rymax,
                                         x0, y0, x0c, y0c, xc, yc,
                                         level+1);
        if (crossings != RECT_INTERSECTS) {
            crossings = rectCrossingsForQuad(crossings,
                                             rxmin, rymin, rxmax, rymax,
                                             xc, yc, xc1, yc1, x1, y1,
                                             level+1);
        }
        return crossings;
    }

    /**
     * Accumulate the number of times the cubic crosses the shadow
     * extending to the right of the rectangle.  See the comment
     * for the RECT_INTERSECTS constant for more complete details.
     */
    public static int rectCrossingsForCubic(int crossings,
                                            double rxmin, double rymin,
                                            double rxmax, double rymax,
                                            double x0,  double y0,
                                            double xc0, double yc0,
                                            double xc1, double yc1,
                                            double x1,  double y1,
                                            int level)
    {
        if (y0 >= rymax && yc0 >= rymax && yc1 >= rymax && y1 >= rymax) {
            return crossings;
        }
        if (y0 <= rymin && yc0 <= rymin && yc1 <= rymin && y1 <= rymin) {
            return crossings;
        }
        if (x0 <= rxmin && xc0 <= rxmin && xc1 <= rxmin && x1 <= rxmin) {
            return crossings;
        }
        if (x0 >= rxmax && xc0 >= rxmax && xc1 >= rxmax && x1 >= rxmax) {
            // Cubic is entirely to the right of the rect
            // and the vertical range of the 4 Y coordinates of the cubic
            // overlaps the vertical range of the rect by a non-empty amount
            // We now judge the crossings solely based on the line segment
            // connecting the endpoints of the cubic.
            // Note that we may have 0, 1, or 2 crossings as the control
            // points may be causing the Y range intersection while the
            // two endpoints are entirely above or below.
            if (y0 < y1) {
                // y-increasing line segment...
                if (y0 <= rymin && y1 >  rymin) crossings++;
                if (y0 <  rymax && y1 >= rymax) crossings++;
            } else if (y1 < y0) {
                // y-decreasing line segment...
                if (y1 <= rymin && y0 >  rymin) crossings--;
                if (y1 <  rymax && y0 >= rymax) crossings--;
            }
            return crossings;
        }
        // The intersection of ranges is more complicated
        // First do trivial INTERSECTS rejection of the cases
        // where one of the endpoints is inside the rectangle.
        if ((x0 > rxmin && x0 < rxmax && y0 > rymin && y0 < rymax) ||
            (x1 > rxmin && x1 < rxmax && y1 > rymin && y1 < rymax))
        {
            return RECT_INTERSECTS;
        }
        // Otherwise, subdivide and look for one of the cases above.
        // double precision only has 52 bits of mantissa
        if (level > 52) {
            return rectCrossingsForLine(crossings,
                                        rxmin, rymin, rxmax, rymax,
                                        x0, y0, x1, y1);
        }
        double xmid = (xc0 + xc1) / 2;
        double ymid = (yc0 + yc1) / 2;
        xc0 = (x0 + xc0) / 2;
        yc0 = (y0 + yc0) / 2;
        xc1 = (xc1 + x1) / 2;
        yc1 = (yc1 + y1) / 2;
        double xc0m = (xc0 + xmid) / 2;
        double yc0m = (yc0 + ymid) / 2;
        double xmc1 = (xmid + xc1) / 2;
        double ymc1 = (ymid + yc1) / 2;
        xmid = (xc0m + xmc1) / 2;
        ymid = (yc0m + ymc1) / 2;
        if (Double.isNaN(xmid) || Double.isNaN(ymid)) {
            // [xy]mid are NaN if any of [xy]c0m or [xy]mc1 are NaN
            // [xy]c0m or [xy]mc1 are NaN if any of [xy][c][01] are NaN
            // These values are also NaN if opposing infinities are added
            return 0;
        }
        crossings = rectCrossingsForCubic(crossings,
                                          rxmin, rymin, rxmax, rymax,
                                          x0, y0, xc0, yc0,
                                          xc0m, yc0m, xmid, ymid, level+1);
        if (crossings != RECT_INTERSECTS) {
            crossings = rectCrossingsForCubic(crossings,
                                              rxmin, rymin, rxmax, rymax,
                                              xmid, ymid, xmc1, ymc1,
                                              xc1, yc1, x1, y1, level+1);
        }
        return crossings;
    }

    /**
     * Accumulate the quadratic extrema into the pre-existing bounding array.
     * <p>
     * This method focuses on one dimension at a time, so to get both the x and y
     * dimensions you'll need to call this method twice.
     * </p>
     * <p>
     * Whenever we have to examine cubic or quadratic extrema that change our bounding
     * box: we run the risk of machine error that may produce a box that is slightly
     * too small. But the contract of {@link Shape#getBounds2D()} says we should err
     * on the side of being too large. So to address this: we'll apply a margin based
     * on the upper limit of numerical error caused by the polynomial evaluation (horner
     * scheme).
     * </p>
     *
     * @param bounds the bounds to update, which are expressed as: { minX, maxX }
     * @param boundsOffset the index in boundsof the minimum value
     * @param x1 the starting value of the bezier curve where t = 0.0
     * @param ctrlX the control value of the bezier curve
     * @param x2 the ending value of the bezier curve where t = 1.0
     * @param coeff an array of at least 3 elements that will be overwritten and reused
     * @param deriv_coeff an array of at least 2 elements that will be overwritten and reused
     */
    public static void accumulateExtremaBoundsForQuad(double[] bounds, int boundsOffset, double x1, double ctrlX, double x2, double[] coeff, double[] deriv_coeff) {
        if (ctrlX < bounds[boundsOffset] ||
                ctrlX > bounds[boundsOffset + 1]) {

            final double dx21 = ctrlX - x1;
            coeff[2] = (x2 - ctrlX) - dx21;  // A = P3 - P0 - 2 P2
            coeff[1] = 2.0 * dx21;           // B = 2 (P2 - P1)
            coeff[0] = x1;                   // C = P1

            deriv_coeff[0] = coeff[1];
            deriv_coeff[1] = 2.0 * coeff[2];

            final double t = -deriv_coeff[0] / deriv_coeff[1];
            if (t > 0.0 && t < 1.0) {
                final double v = coeff[0] + t * (coeff[1] + t * coeff[2]);

                // error condition = sum ( abs (coeff) ):
                final double margin = Math.ulp(Math.abs(coeff[0])
                        + Math.abs(coeff[1]) + Math.abs(coeff[2]));

                if (v - margin < bounds[boundsOffset]) {
                    bounds[boundsOffset] = v - margin;
                }
                if (v + margin > bounds[boundsOffset + 1]) {
                    bounds[boundsOffset + 1] = v + margin;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Accumulate the cubic extrema into the pre-existing bounding array.
     * <p>
     * This method focuses on one dimension at a time, so to get both the x and y
     * dimensions you'll need to call this method twice.
     * </p>
     * <p>
     * Whenever we have to examine cubic or quadratic extrema that change our bounding
     * box: we run the risk of machine error that may produce a box that is slightly
     * too small. But the contract of {@link Shape#getBounds2D()} says we should err
     * on the side of being too large. So to address this: we'll apply a margin based
     * on the upper limit of numerical error caused by the polynomial evaluation (horner
     * scheme).
     * </p>
     *
     * @param bounds the bounds to update, which are expressed as: { minX, maxX }
     * @param boundsOffset the index in boundsof the minimum value
     * @param x1 the starting value of the bezier curve where t = 0.0
     * @param ctrlX1 the first control value of the bezier curve
     * @param ctrlX2 the second control value of the bezier curve
     * @param x2 the ending value of the bezier curve where t = 1.0
     * @param coeff an array of at least 3 elements that will be overwritten and reused
     * @param deriv_coeff an array of at least 2 elements that will be overwritten and reused
     */
    public static void accumulateExtremaBoundsForCubic(double[] bounds, int boundsOffset, double x1, double ctrlX1, double ctrlX2, double x2, double[] coeff, double[] deriv_coeff) {
        if (ctrlX1 < bounds[boundsOffset] ||
                ctrlX1 > bounds[boundsOffset + 1] ||
                ctrlX2 < bounds[boundsOffset] ||
                ctrlX2 > bounds[boundsOffset + 1]) {
            final double dx32 = 3.0 * (ctrlX2 - ctrlX1);
            final double dx21 = 3.0 * (ctrlX1 - x1);
            coeff[3] = (x2 - x1) - dx32;  // A = P3 - P0 - 3 (P2 - P1) = (P3 - P0) + 3 (P1 - P2)
            coeff[2] = (dx32 - dx21);         // B = 3 (P2 - P1) - 3(P1 - P0) = 3 (P2 + P0) - 6 P1
            coeff[1] = dx21;                  // C = 3 (P1 - P0)
            coeff[0] = x1;                 // D = P0

            deriv_coeff[0] = coeff[1];
            deriv_coeff[1] = 2.0 * coeff[2];
            deriv_coeff[2] = 3.0 * coeff[3];

            // reuse this array, give it a new name for readability:
            final double[] tExtrema = deriv_coeff;

            // solveQuadratic should be improved to get correct t extrema (1 ulp):
            final int tExtremaCount = QuadCurve2D.solveQuadratic(deriv_coeff, tExtrema);
            if (tExtremaCount > 0) {
                // error condition = sum ( abs (coeff) ):
                final double margin = Math.ulp(Math.abs(coeff[0])
                        + Math.abs(coeff[1]) + Math.abs(coeff[2])
                        + Math.abs(coeff[3]));

                for (int i = 0; i < tExtremaCount; i++) {
                    final double t = tExtrema[i];
                    if (t > 0.0 && t < 1.0) {
                        final double v = coeff[0] + t * (coeff[1] + t * (coeff[2] + t * coeff[3]));
                        if (v - margin < bounds[boundsOffset]) {
                            bounds[boundsOffset] = v - margin;
                        }
                        if (v + margin > bounds[boundsOffset + 1]) {
                            bounds[boundsOffset + 1] = v + margin;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    public Curve(int direction) {
        this.direction = direction;
    }

    public final int getDirection() {
        return direction;
    }

    public final Curve getWithDirection(int direction) {
        return (this.direction == direction ? this : getReversedCurve());
    }

    public static double round(double v) {
        //return Math.rint(v*10)/10;
        return v;
    }

    public static int orderof(double x1, double x2) {
        if (x1 < x2) {
             return -1;
         }
         if (x1 > x2) {
             return 1;
         }
         return 0;
    }

    public static long signeddiffbits(double y1, double y2) {
        return (Double.doubleToLongBits(y1) - Double.doubleToLongBits(y2));
    }
    public static long diffbits(double y1, double y2) {
        return Math.abs(Double.doubleToLongBits(y1) -
                        Double.doubleToLongBits(y2));
    }
    public static double prev(double v) {
        return Double.longBitsToDouble(Double.doubleToLongBits(v)-1);
    }
    public static double next(double v) {
        return Double.longBitsToDouble(Double.doubleToLongBits(v)+1);
    }

    public String toString() {
        return ("Curve["+
                getOrder()+", "+
                ("("+round(getX0())+", "+round(getY0())+"), ")+
                controlPointString()+
                ("("+round(getX1())+", "+round(getY1())+"), ")+
                (direction == INCREASING ? "D" : "U")+
                "]");
    }

    public String controlPointString() {
        return "";
    }

    public abstract int getOrder();

    public abstract double getXTop();
    public abstract double getYTop();
    public abstract double getXBot();
    public abstract double getYBot();

    public abstract double getXMin();
    public abstract double getXMax();

    public abstract double getX0();
    public abstract double getY0();
    public abstract double getX1();
    public abstract double getY1();

    public abstract double XforY(double y);
    public abstract double TforY(double y);
    public abstract double XforT(double t);
    public abstract double YforT(double t);
    public abstract double dXforT(double t, int deriv);
    public abstract double dYforT(double t, int deriv);

    public abstract double nextVertical(double t0, double t1);

    public int crossingsFor(double x, double y) {
        if (y >= getYTop() && y < getYBot()) {
            if (x < getXMax() && (x < getXMin() || x < XforY(y))) {
                return 1;
            }
        }
        return 0;
    }

    public boolean accumulateCrossings(Crossings c) {
        double xhi = c.getXHi();
        if (getXMin() >= xhi) {
            return false;
        }
        double xlo = c.getXLo();
        double ylo = c.getYLo();
        double yhi = c.getYHi();
        double y0 = getYTop();
        double y1 = getYBot();
        double tstart, ystart, tend, yend;
        if (y0 < ylo) {
            if (y1 <= ylo) {
                return false;
            }
            ystart = ylo;
            tstart = TforY(ylo);
        } else {
            if (y0 >= yhi) {
                return false;
            }
            ystart = y0;
            tstart = 0;
        }
        if (y1 > yhi) {
            yend = yhi;
            tend = TforY(yhi);
        } else {
            yend = y1;
            tend = 1;
        }
        boolean hitLo = false;
        boolean hitHi = false;
        while (true) {
            double x = XforT(tstart);
            if (x < xhi) {
                if (hitHi || x > xlo) {
                    return true;
                }
                hitLo = true;
            } else {
                if (hitLo) {
                    return true;
                }
                hitHi = true;
            }
            if (tstart >= tend) {
                break;
            }
            tstart = nextVertical(tstart, tend);
        }
        if (hitLo) {
            c.record(ystart, yend, direction);
        }
        return false;
    }

    public abstract void enlarge(Rectangle2D r);

    public Curve getSubCurve(double ystart, double yend) {
        return getSubCurve(ystart, yend, direction);
    }

    public abstract Curve getReversedCurve();
    public abstract Curve getSubCurve(double ystart, double yend, int dir);

    public int compareTo(Curve that, double[] yrange) {
        /*
        System.out.println(this+".compareTo("+that+")");
        System.out.println("target range = "+yrange[0]+"=>"+yrange[1]);
        */
        double y0 = yrange[0];
        double y1 = yrange[1];
        y1 = Math.min(Math.min(y1, this.getYBot()), that.getYBot());
        if (y1 <= yrange[0]) {
            System.err.println("this == "+this);
            System.err.println("that == "+that);
            System.out.println("target range = "+yrange[0]+"=>"+yrange[1]);
            throw new InternalError("backstepping from "+yrange[0]+" to "+y1);
        }
        yrange[1] = y1;
        if (this.getXMax() <= that.getXMin()) {
            if (this.getXMin() == that.getXMax()) {
                return 0;
            }
            return -1;
        }
        if (this.getXMin() >= that.getXMax()) {
            return 1;
        }
        // Parameter s for thi(s) curve and t for tha(t) curve
        // [st]0 = parameters for top of current section of interest
        // [st]1 = parameters for bottom of valid range
        // [st]h = parameters for hypothesis point
        // [d][xy]s = valuations of thi(s) curve at sh
        // [d][xy]t = valuations of tha(t) curve at th
        double s0 = this.TforY(y0);
        double ys0 = this.YforT(s0);
        if (ys0 < y0) {
            s0 = refineTforY(s0, ys0, y0);
            ys0 = this.YforT(s0);
        }
        double s1 = this.TforY(y1);
        if (this.YforT(s1) < y0) {
            s1 = refineTforY(s1, this.YforT(s1), y0);
            //System.out.println("s1 problem!");
        }
        double t0 = that.TforY(y0);
        double yt0 = that.YforT(t0);
        if (yt0 < y0) {
            t0 = that.refineTforY(t0, yt0, y0);
            yt0 = that.YforT(t0);
        }
        double t1 = that.TforY(y1);
        if (that.YforT(t1) < y0) {
            t1 = that.refineTforY(t1, that.YforT(t1), y0);
            //System.out.println("t1 problem!");
        }
        double xs0 = this.XforT(s0);
        double xt0 = that.XforT(t0);
        double scale = Math.max(Math.abs(y0), Math.abs(y1));
        double ymin = Math.max(scale * 1E-14, 1E-300);
        if (fairlyClose(xs0, xt0)) {
            double bump = ymin;
            double maxbump = Math.min(ymin * 1E13, (y1 - y0) * .1);
            double y = y0 + bump;
            while (y <= y1) {
                if (fairlyClose(this.XforY(y), that.XforY(y))) {
                    if ((bump *= 2) > maxbump) {
                        bump = maxbump;
                    }
                } else {
                    y -= bump;
                    while (true) {
                        bump /= 2;
                        double newy = y + bump;
                        if (newy <= y) {
                            break;
                        }
                        if (fairlyClose(this.XforY(newy), that.XforY(newy))) {
                            y = newy;
                        }
                    }
                    break;
                }
                y += bump;
            }
            if (y > y0) {
                if (y < y1) {
                    yrange[1] = y;
                }
                return 0;
            }
        }
        //double ymin = y1 * 1E-14;
        if (ymin <= 0) {
            System.out.println("ymin = "+ymin);
        }
        /*
        System.out.println("s range = "+s0+" to "+s1);
        System.out.println("t range = "+t0+" to "+t1);
        */
        while (s0 < s1 && t0 < t1) {
            double sh = this.nextVertical(s0, s1);
            double xsh = this.XforT(sh);
            double ysh = this.YforT(sh);
            double th = that.nextVertical(t0, t1);
            double xth = that.XforT(th);
            double yth = that.YforT(th);
            /*
            System.out.println("sh = "+sh);
            System.out.println("th = "+th);
            */
        try {
            if (findIntersect(that, yrange, ymin, 0, 0,
                              s0, xs0, ys0, sh, xsh, ysh,
                              t0, xt0, yt0, th, xth, yth)) {
                break;
            }
        } catch (Throwable t) {
            System.err.println("Error: "+t);
            System.err.println("y range was "+yrange[0]+"=>"+yrange[1]);
            System.err.println("s y range is "+ys0+"=>"+ysh);
            System.err.println("t y range is "+yt0+"=>"+yth);
            System.err.println("ymin is "+ymin);
            return 0;
        }
            if (ysh < yth) {
                if (ysh > yrange[0]) {
                    if (ysh < yrange[1]) {
                        yrange[1] = ysh;
                    }
                    break;
                }
                s0 = sh;
                xs0 = xsh;
                ys0 = ysh;
            } else {
                if (yth > yrange[0]) {
                    if (yth < yrange[1]) {
                        yrange[1] = yth;
                    }
                    break;
                }
                t0 = th;
                xt0 = xth;
                yt0 = yth;
            }
        }
        double ymid = (yrange[0] + yrange[1]) / 2;
        /*
        System.out.println("final this["+s0+", "+sh+", "+s1+"]");
        System.out.println("final    y["+ys0+", "+ysh+"]");
        System.out.println("final that["+t0+", "+th+", "+t1+"]");
        System.out.println("final    y["+yt0+", "+yth+"]");
        System.out.println("final order = "+orderof(this.XforY(ymid),
                                                    that.XforY(ymid)));
        System.out.println("final range = "+yrange[0]+"=>"+yrange[1]);
        */
        /*
        System.out.println("final sx = "+this.XforY(ymid));
        System.out.println("final tx = "+that.XforY(ymid));
        System.out.println("final order = "+orderof(this.XforY(ymid),
                                                    that.XforY(ymid)));
        */
        return orderof(this.XforY(ymid), that.XforY(ymid));
    }

    public static final double TMIN = 1E-3;

    public boolean findIntersect(Curve that, double[] yrange, double ymin,
                                 int slevel, int tlevel,
                                 double s0, double xs0, double ys0,
                                 double s1, double xs1, double ys1,
                                 double t0, double xt0, double yt0,
                                 double t1, double xt1, double yt1)
    {
        /*
        String pad = "        ";
        pad = pad+pad+pad+pad+pad;
        pad = pad+pad;
        System.out.println("----------------------------------------------");
        System.out.println(pad.substring(0, slevel)+ys0);
        System.out.println(pad.substring(0, slevel)+ys1);
        System.out.println(pad.substring(0, slevel)+(s1-s0));
        System.out.println("-------");
        System.out.println(pad.substring(0, tlevel)+yt0);
        System.out.println(pad.substring(0, tlevel)+yt1);
        System.out.println(pad.substring(0, tlevel)+(t1-t0));
        */
        if (ys0 > yt1 || yt0 > ys1) {
            return false;
        }
        if (Math.min(xs0, xs1) > Math.max(xt0, xt1) ||
            Math.max(xs0, xs1) < Math.min(xt0, xt1))
        {
            return false;
        }
        // Bounding boxes intersect - back off the larger of
        // the two subcurves by half until they stop intersecting
        // (or until they get small enough to switch to a more
        //  intensive algorithm).
        if (s1 - s0 > TMIN) {
            double s = (s0 + s1) / 2;
            double xs = this.XforT(s);
            double ys = this.YforT(s);
            if (s == s0 || s == s1) {
                System.out.println("s0 = "+s0);
                System.out.println("s1 = "+s1);
                throw new InternalError("no s progress!");
            }
            if (t1 - t0 > TMIN) {
                double t = (t0 + t1) / 2;
                double xt = that.XforT(t);
                double yt = that.YforT(t);
                if (t == t0 || t == t1) {
                    System.out.println("t0 = "+t0);
                    System.out.println("t1 = "+t1);
                    throw new InternalError("no t progress!");
                }
                if (ys >= yt0 && yt >= ys0) {
                    if (findIntersect(that, yrange, ymin, slevel+1, tlevel+1,
                                      s0, xs0, ys0, s, xs, ys,
                                      t0, xt0, yt0, t, xt, yt)) {
                        return true;
                    }
                }
                if (ys >= yt) {
                    if (findIntersect(that, yrange, ymin, slevel+1, tlevel+1,
                                      s0, xs0, ys0, s, xs, ys,
                                      t, xt, yt, t1, xt1, yt1)) {
                        return true;
                    }
                }
                if (yt >= ys) {
                    if (findIntersect(that, yrange, ymin, slevel+1, tlevel+1,
                                      s, xs, ys, s1, xs1, ys1,
                                      t0, xt0, yt0, t, xt, yt)) {
                        return true;
                    }
                }
                if (ys1 >= yt && yt1 >= ys) {
                    if (findIntersect(that, yrange, ymin, slevel+1, tlevel+1,
                                      s, xs, ys, s1, xs1, ys1,
                                      t, xt, yt, t1, xt1, yt1)) {
                        return true;
                    }
                }
            } else {
                if (ys >= yt0) {
                    if (findIntersect(that, yrange, ymin, slevel+1, tlevel,
                                      s0, xs0, ys0, s, xs, ys,
                                      t0, xt0, yt0, t1, xt1, yt1)) {
                        return true;
                    }
                }
                if (yt1 >= ys) {
                    if (findIntersect(that, yrange, ymin, slevel+1, tlevel,
                                      s, xs, ys, s1, xs1, ys1,
                                      t0, xt0, yt0, t1, xt1, yt1)) {
                        return true;
                    }
                }
            }
        } else if (t1 - t0 > TMIN) {
            double t = (t0 + t1) / 2;
            double xt = that.XforT(t);
            double yt = that.YforT(t);
            if (t == t0 || t == t1) {
                System.out.println("t0 = "+t0);
                System.out.println("t1 = "+t1);
                throw new InternalError("no t progress!");
            }
            if (yt >= ys0) {
                if (findIntersect(that, yrange, ymin, slevel, tlevel+1,
                                  s0, xs0, ys0, s1, xs1, ys1,
                                  t0, xt0, yt0, t, xt, yt)) {
                    return true;
                }
            }
            if (ys1 >= yt) {
                if (findIntersect(that, yrange, ymin, slevel, tlevel+1,
                                  s0, xs0, ys0, s1, xs1, ys1,
                                  t, xt, yt, t1, xt1, yt1)) {
                    return true;
                }
            }
        } else {
            // No more subdivisions
            double xlk = xs1 - xs0;
            double ylk = ys1 - ys0;
            double xnm = xt1 - xt0;
            double ynm = yt1 - yt0;
            double xmk = xt0 - xs0;
            double ymk = yt0 - ys0;
            double det = xnm * ylk - ynm * xlk;
            if (det != 0) {
                double detinv = 1 / det;
                double s = (xnm * ymk - ynm * xmk) * detinv;
                double t = (xlk * ymk - ylk * xmk) * detinv;
                if (s >= 0 && s <= 1 && t >= 0 && t <= 1) {
                    s = s0 + s * (s1 - s0);
                    t = t0 + t * (t1 - t0);
                    if (s < 0 || s > 1 || t < 0 || t > 1) {
                        System.out.println("Uh oh!");
                    }
                    double y = (this.YforT(s) + that.YforT(t)) / 2;
                    if (y <= yrange[1] && y > yrange[0]) {
                        yrange[1] = y;
                        return true;
                    }
                }
            }
            //System.out.println("Testing lines!");
        }
        return false;
    }

    public double refineTforY(double t0, double yt0, double y0) {
        double t1 = 1;
        while (true) {
            double th = (t0 + t1) / 2;
            if (th == t0 || th == t1) {
                return t1;
            }
            double y = YforT(th);
            if (y < y0) {
                t0 = th;
                yt0 = y;
            } else if (y > y0) {
                t1 = th;
            } else {
                return t1;
            }
        }
    }

    public boolean fairlyClose(double v1, double v2) {
        return (Math.abs(v1 - v2) <
                Math.max(Math.abs(v1), Math.abs(v2)) * 1E-10);
    }

    public abstract int getSegment(double[] coords);
}
